Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Norms were based on a predominantly Caucasian sample. 0 I do not feel sad. More research is needed on the use of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents. This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. It can be used to screen for depression and monitor the course of treatment. BDI identifies overt behavioral characteristics of depression. Scoring The Beck Depression Inventory. Reliability of the BDI-II with deaf persons. Byrne, B.M., Stewart, S.M., & Lee, P.W.H. Individuals treated with interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for PTSD also show decreases in BDI-II scores following treatment (Bleiberg & Markowitz, 2005). The authors suggested that the measures assess different underlying aspects of the construct of depression, with the CES-D assessing more of an affective component and the BDI assessing more of a cognitive component. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. For example: When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depressions severity. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II), created by Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression.Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the . 2016;28(11):1354-1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275, Dere J, Watters CA, Yu SC, Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Harkness KL. Aaron T. Beck created the beck Depression Inventory long back. BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. . Beck Depression Inventory-II. [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents. 4. PMID: 32962793; PMCID: PMC7681155. Legal Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201. Fifteen people were asked to complete the scale and write down items that were unclear or incomprehensible, as well as any other aspect of the scale that may deem relevant. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. To learn more about depression and how . The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-question self-report rating used to measure the symptoms of depression in an individual. Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. Similarly, McElroy et al. The items on the BDI-II were developed to assess an individual's depressive symptoms based on DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorders. For access to the measure(s), please contact the copyright holdershere. (2004). The wording in some items asks the respondent to compare their current state to a prior one (e.g., than usual, as ever). The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Description of the Test and History III. Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. The present review will only consider those investigations which are primarily concerned with the validity or the . Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. Yes Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition1 is a popular self-report measure of depression. First, the sample study was selected by convenience being primarily compounded by individuals stem from general population. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The mean age was 27.07 (SD = 11.18). They reported that BDI-II scores were negatively correlated to SES and acculturation and positively correlated with disease severity. Azocar, F., Aren, P., Miranda, J., & Muoz, R.F. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? There are different versions of the BDI: the original BDI which was published in 1961 and then revised in 1971 (BDI-1A), and the BDI-II which was published in 1961 (Wikipedia, 2007). Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. By latest estimates from the WHO, there are about 300 million people living with depression worldwide. Author: Aaron T. Beck. Interpretation. Braz J Psychiatry. There are many resources available to help you. The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. Introduction to the Beck Depression Inventory II. Beck Depression Inventory is an efficient and reliable psychological test for measuring the presence and severity of depression in patients. Interpretation is based on raw scores only. Validation of the BDI-II in a low-income African American sample of medical outpatients. By doing so, bifactor models represent a useful strategy to examine if a construct of interest can be viewed primarily as unidimensional or multidimensional and, subsequently, the way in which scores should be computed. The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. The other pro is that it also consists of high content validity. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . Less frequently, four [30] and fivefactors [31] have also been reported. STUDIES WITH OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS AND DIVERSE POPULATIONS. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. The purpose of the present study . Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories in Caucasian Americans and Latinos. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. PLoS ONE 13(6): https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t003. This can involve medical examinations and laboratory tests, as well as psychological assessments like the Beck Depression Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Shankman et al., 2018). In conclusion, for both statistical and clinical reasons it seems more appropriate to use BDI-II total and factor scores. The procedure used to determine the cut scores may increase the likelihood of false positives or overdiagnoses of depression among clients. Aaron T. Beck. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. [16] two-factor correlated model composed of a cognitive-affective and a somatic factors has been supported in many studies [17,18,19]; there are others studies which identified a single factor [11,20], two alternative factors consisting of somatic-affective and cognitive [21,22], three factors corresponding to cognitive, somatic and affective [23,24,25], and an alternative three-factor model including negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [2329]. Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). (n.d.). They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. One of the most popular measures used all around the world, is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). The Beck Depression Inventory Abimbola Farinde 1* 1. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report measure designed to measure severity of depression consistent with symptoms of depression as presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association 1994) in both adolescents aged 13 years and older and adults (Beck et al. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Here are some of the limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory: The BDI has good reliability and validity. Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 110-114. An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. In effect, higher averages are observed in the general BDI-II score (average = 16.91; standard deviation = 11.62; t (881) = 7.49; p<0.01), and in the cognitive dimensions (average = 5.02; standard deviation = 4.31; t (881) = 6.33; p<0.01), somatic (average = 8.24; standard deviation = 5.35; t (881) = 5.87; p<0.01), and affective (average = 3.65; standard deviation = 3.15; t (881) = 8.17; p<0.01), with a greater effect size on the Cohen's d values (d general = .80; d cognitive = .64; d somatic = .71; d affective = .82).