Zoback 1992; Reinecker et al. Fig. the discussion in Spakman & Nyst 2002). What do they mean for what we felt and what we will feel the next time? However, the SBM section of the SAF is still predicted to be slipping very slowly, and the long-range effect in changing slip rates is minor. Sometimes what we think is a mainshock is followed by a larger earthquake. (4); scale stress data to the amplitudes predicted initially by the block model; solve eq. The Great Valley is a basin, initially forming ~100 million years ago as a low area between the subducting ocean plate on the west (diving down under the North American plate) and the volcanoes to the east (now the Sierra Nevada mountains). Fig. Bonkowski M.S. The basic slip partitioning between the SAF, SJF and ECSZ remains the same as for the = 0 model. Illustration of the Savage & Burford (1973) block modelling method. These fault segments are given a different value for name, number, code, or dip direction and so in the database each segment occurs as its own unique entity. d.a. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, responsible for monitoring, reporting, and researching earthquakes and earthquake hazards For example, the San Andreas Fault has several fault segments, from letters a to h, and fault segment 1h has segments with age of last fault movement from historic (<150 years) to Why was an earthquake in Virginia felt at more than twice the distance than a similar-sized earthquake in California? 1) takes up a small amount of left-lateral motion (2 mm yr-1), with large formal uncertainties, so that we cannot distinguish it from not slipping at all. We found that all solutions were stable with respect to the relative block motions as mapped into the fault slip rates when the damping scheme was modified in terms of a, or if small singular values were eliminated for a= 0. California. This does not mean the earthquakes will be exactly 150 years apart. Others, however, such as in the SBM region (Section 4.5), are strongly dependent on the exact choices of fault geometry. Our model also suffers from some artefacts due to edge effects. In the north, the SAF Carrizo segment moves at the geological rate for = 0 but is 7 mm yr-1 slower for our = 1 models. References listed by segment code: (1) Thomas & Rockwell (1996), half of total in this region; (2) Magistrale & Rockwell (1996) and Vaughan et al. Since Loma Prieta, bay-region communities, governments, and utilities have invested tens of billions of dollars in seismic upgrades and retrofits and replac, With innovations, fresh data, and lessons learned from recent earthquakes, scientists have developed a new earthquake forecast model for California, a region under constant threat from potentially damaging events. The mean, weighted misfit of the major horizontal stress axis is 9.4, which is within the uncertainties of the stress inversion. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. Fig. Results can be compared with Figs 2(b) and 6(b). Increasing the damping further would significantly increase the misfit, implying that the remaining spatial stress variations in our model are required by the focal mechanism data. Step #7: When safe, follow your disaster plan. The fault surface can be vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth. Coseismic slip was determined from an elastic half-space, rectangular, infinite-length dislocation solution for constant slip (Okada 1992). Mtg, Geol. Hence, we include a priori information about strain localization at known geological structures and steep velocity gradients across faults (cf. The scale for slip rates [different for (a) and (b)] and residual velocities is indicated along with the mean residual velocity vector length, v, and the component-wise mean misfit (in brackets). The rate of aftershocks dies off quickly. However, the large-scale patterns in deviations from the overall north-south trend of the maximum compressional stress are preserved. After three days the risk is almost gone. Some regions are already fairly well constrained by geodesy, and where there are not enough GPS data other evidence such as stress from focal mechanisms can be brought to bear on the problem. Shaded circles are plotted at the centre of each dislocation patch and scale with the slip rate. 6b, ). The choice of = 0.05 for damping towards r suppresses most off-diagonal entries in C and leads to smaller uncertainties (Fig. Holt W.E. (1990) and Dorsey (2002); (4) van der Woerd et al. Stein S.. Deng J. Gurnis M. Kanamori H. Hauksson E.. Dolan J.F. The California Emergency Management Agency will then issue an advisory based on scientists' recommendations. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. 7 (Fig. This is an encouraging result, since it is not clear that the various simplifications we have to make for this comparison (homogeneous elastic parameters, stress from seismicity indicative of regional loading, time independence of interseismic strain accumulation) are justified. 2(a) for the inversion instead of the smoothed pre-Landers stresses, the mean angular misfit of this strain model is ||> 11.9 for = 1, a comparable misfit to that in the stress inversion. Tapponnier P. Ryerson F.. We therefore introduce a damping vector, Late Quaternary history of the Owens Valley fault zone, eastern California, and surface rupture associated with the 1872 earthquake (abstract), Earthquake recurrence time variations with and without fault zone interactions, Global Positioning System constraints on fault slip rates in southern California and northern Baja, Present-day pattern of cordilleran deformation in the western United States, Effects induced by an earthquake on its fault plane: a boundary element study, On the existence of a periodic dislocation cycle in horizontally layered viscoelastic model, The motion of crustal blocks driven by flow of the lower lithosphere and implications for slip rates of continental strike-slip faults, Quaternary geology and seismic hazard of the Sierra Madre and associated faults, western San Gabriel Mountains, Recent Reverse Faulting in the Transverse Ranges, California, Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions, Viscoelastic flow in the lower crust after the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake, Paleoseismology and Global Positioning System; earthquake-cycle effects and geodetic versus geologic fault slip rates in the Eastern California shear zone, Role of the eastern California shear zone in accomodating PacificNorth American plate motion, Prospects for larger or more frequent earthquakes in the Los Angeles metropolitan region, Late Quaternary activity and seismic potential of the Santa Monica fault system, Los Angeles, California, Stratigraphic record of Pleistocene initiation and slip on the Coyote Creek Fault, lower Coyote Creek, Southern California, Contributions to Crustal Evolution of the Southwestern United States, Late pleistocene slip rate on the Coachella Valley segment of the San Andreas fault and implications for regional slip partitioning (abstract), 99th Ann. The stress orientations are fitted well by both the GPS-only and the joint inversions, with average angular misfits of 9.4 and 8.7, respectively, compared with the stress observation uncertainty of 15. Among the possible reasons for deviations are progressive changes in earthquake recurrence time (e.g. Flannery B.P.. Rockwell T.K. The i are specified in a Cartesian system with respect to block L (x, y, and z are axes at 0E/0N, 90E/0N, and the geographic North pole, 90N, respectively). The location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter. We see that part of the reduction in the t misfit for stress is accompanied by a decrease in the stress amplitudes. The less-well . Fault ID: Previously referred to as fault 7 on figure 1 and table 2 of Machette (1987 #847), . In any earthquake cluster, the largest one is called the mainshock; anything before it is a foreshock, and anything after it is an aftershock. We will refer to the edited SCEC velocity model as GPS velocities for brevity. Search for other works by this author on: We subdivide the study region into crustal blocks on the surface of a sphere. Constrain. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/constrain. Since this region has a large sediment layer, Fay & Humphreys (2003) compared the slip-rate predictions from a finite-element model with lateral material heterogeneities with those from a homogeneous Okada (1992)-type solution. Further exploration of the model's successes and, more interestingly, its failures seems promising. UCERF3: A new earthquake forecast for California's complex fault system, Quaternary fault and fold database of the United States, Seismic-Hazard Maps for California, Nevada, and Western Arizona/Utah. However, unlike your fingers, the whole fault plane does not slip at once. Steps? We note that there are no assumptions about the frictional behaviour of faults in the inversion. Accessed 2 Mar. 7. Miller M.M. Data source: USGS. How do I create a student interest survey? Intuitively, when Euclidean distance metric is used, an ideal ordinal layout in feature space would be that the sample clusters are arranged in class order along a straight line in space. If we assume that all earthquakes have 5 meters (5000 millimeters) of slip, we will have earthquakes on average every 150 years: 5000 millimeters divided by 33 millimeters per year equals 150 years. Ever since the great magnitude 9.2 earthquake shook Alaska 50 years ago today, scientists have suspected that the quake's rupture halted at the IntroductionEffective communication in the geosciences requires a consistent nomenclature for stratigraphic units and, especially, for divisions of geologic time. For example, a streambed that crosses the San Andreas fault near Los Angeles is now offset 83 meters (91 yards) from its original course. This broadening would be interpreted as a large dl in our half-space model. 44 Likes, 0 Comments - Yvonne (@yvonne.phelps.torres) on Instagram: "If your wondering why Well when Sophie is tired of my pictures she might throw a tantrum and lie" Strike-slip faults are vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally. These fault segments are given a different value for name, number, code, or dip direction and so in the database each segment occurs as its own unique entity. Other segments with left-lateral motion are found in the Transverse ranges and on the Garlock fault. LEARN MORE: See the web resources listed here. For the model in Fig. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of a simple half-space block model appears to capture the overall mechanics of the plate boundary. Abstract. Our approach was inspired by Meade et al. Earthquakes come in clusters. However, damped models have smaller formal uncertainties in the Euler vectors and smaller covariances. If we damp the solution further using SV elimination, if we base our block model on the complete SCEC3 data set, or if interpolated velocities as in Fig. 2000). What is a fault and what are the different types? of the cumulative moment (arbitrary units). This method has been shown to produce accurate stress orientations with reasonable uncertainty estimates (Hardebeck & Hauksson 2001b). We show the largest, (arrows), and smallest, (sticks), eigenvectors of the horizontal components of . . The Indio SAF still accommodates more slip than the SJF. Delivered to your inbox! What size tire is on a 2011 Toyota Corolla. GPS velocity field in Mongolia [Vergnolle et al., 2003] shown by black velocity vectors and 95% confidence ellipses. Soc. This quantity weights the misfit by the maximum horizontal shear stress, shmax, to emphasize the regions with a strong signal; the sum is computed over all grid entries. The predicted slip rates on the major fault segments are similar for the models of Figs 5 and 7 in general. Individual faults in the proximity of SBM show modified slip rates; for example, compressive motion is now shifted towards the northern SBM region. For instance, the 0 model has block A rotate counter-clockwise and block F clockwise with respect to the SVD damped solution. There are few direct observations of crustal stress (e.g. The mean 1s uncertainty on the individual horizontal-component velocities is 1 mm yr-1. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). Our method is different in that we include stress data for the first time and use a different parametrization. 1998; Pollitz et al. 151-173 . The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The chance of this happening dies off quickly with time just like aftershocks. This corresponds to a rotation pole and rate of 143.04E/-66.58N 0.02 Myr-1 in geographic coordinates, where x, y, and z are axes at 0E/0N, 90 E/0N, and the geographic North pole, 90N, respectively. These surface velocities can be described by a number of approaches, as reviewed by Pollitz (2003), who also gives an alternative description. Using this method, much of the velocity field can be explained regionally, such as by introducing an Aegean subdivision to the Anatolian microplate (McClusky et al. 2(a), deviations from the right-lateral strike-slip regime are mostly found in the Transverse Ranges. When you push sideways hard enough to overcome this friction, your fingers move suddenly, releasing energy in the form of sound waves that set the air vibrating and travel from your hand to your ear, where you hear the snap. A geologic time scale is composed of standard stratigraphic divisions based on rock sequences and is calibrated in years.Geologists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), State geological surveys, academia, and other organizations requi, With innovations, fresh data, and lessons learned from recent earthquakes, scientists have developed a new earthquake forecast model for California, a region under constant threat from potentially damaging events. Summary . Palaeoseismology slip rates include estimates from geomorphology and are rough indications only (see Section 4.3). Also, just as smaller earthquakes can continue to occur a year or more after a mainshock, there is still a chance for a large aftershock long after an earthquake. Residual GPS velocities v and predicted fault slip rates for a joint inversion of GPS and stress data, = 1 (compare with Fig. In addition, it is well known that fault length is correlated to fault displacement 32. A concealed fault zone is characterized by strong concealment and is associated with dominant fault zone. We therefore have nGPS= 533 velocity observations, with ?GPS=nGPS 2 horizontal components (no vertical motions are included in the SCEC model). Where is slip initiated during an earthquake called? A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. 4(a) shows C and i for a velocity-only inversion and = 0. One end-member strategy consists of the subdivision of the 14 large tectonic plates into smaller parts which move with respect to each other without accounting for strain accumulation at the boundaries (e.g. Where can I find a fault map of the United States? Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. Thumbnail Not . The USGS and its partners monitor and report earthquakes, assess earthquake impacts and hazards, and perform research into the causes and effects of earthquakes. We defer further analysis of the relationship between best-fit dl and locking depth from seismicity, because a detailed regional model with more realistic fault geometries seems more appropriate for this purpose. For the small 1 increase in misfit, we obtain a considerably smoother stress field compared with the results of Hardebeck & Hauksson (2001a), demonstrating that the spatial heterogeneity removed by the inversion damping was not strongly required by the data. Smith & Sandwell (2003) used an analogous spectral method to constrain locking depths from GPS data along the SAF. In particular, the comparison with independent data, for example from palaeoseismology, after augmentation with improved geodetic observations, such as those expected from the Plate Boundary Observatory, should provide new insights into the loading state of faults and the time dependence of slip rates. 1. Stresses, in turn, might vary at all length scales such that the inherent or explicit smoothing of both the stress inversions and the moment summation might have no relevance for the loading state close to the fault. For big earthquakes this might go on for decades. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. Horizontal components of scaled stresses from an inversion including focal mechanisms after Landers (filled sticks, compare with Fig. Argus D.F. What that means in practice we know not, and the lesson from Christchurch particularly is . It matters because laws vary by location. have occurred as few as 45 years and as many as 300 years apart. What is the relationship between faults and earthquakes? In this sense, and if focal mechanism inversions find the stress tensor, we can interpret the large angular misfit (a from our model rotated counter-clockwise with respect to inversion stress) that we see in the Landers region for the post-rupture data set in Fig. The distribution of slip in the SBM region is different from in the = 0 model: the SBM segment of the SAF is predicted to move hardly at all for = 1. . Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. A concealed fault zone is characterized by strong concealment and is associated with dominant fault zone. 2001), leading us to expect significant viscoelastic effects (cf.McClusky et al. 2003). We typically use locking depths as inferred by hand from the depth of seismicity in the Hauksson (2000) catalogue, but now explore the variation of model misfit as a function of dl. That places fault movement within the Quaternary Period, which covers the last 2.6 million years. 10a). We have also explored improving the model misfit by inverting for variations in dl along faults (Fig. Our correlation matrix is biased in the sense that not only does it reflect the propagation of velocity measurement errors to estimates, but C also depends on the damping parameters. Official websites use .gov (2002a). When an earthquake occurs, it generates an expanding wavefront from the earthquake. We use this finding to proceed with a joint inversion, in which we assume that this alignment holds everywhere. Morton D.M. Our approach of velocity modelling follows Meade et al. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS 2000; Schroeder et al. The rupture begins at a point on the fault plane called the hypocenter, a point usually deep down on the fault. Pfanner J. Bornyaxz M. Lindvall S., Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Well, recently i have been involved in an at fault car accident and had no car insurance at the time. 1994). 's interpretation in that a significant part of the plate boundary motion in the centre and northern regions is taken up on the ECSZ and the Basin and Range faults. Constrained clustering is a semi-supervised extension to this process that can be used when expert knowledge is available to indicate constraints that can be exploited. The signals for the Tohoku event are dominated by energy from a spatially concentrated main slip patch, with later rupture being less well resolved, so overall fault dimensions are also . What is a fault? As the larger plates are pushed or pulled in different directions they build up strain against the adjacent plate until it finally fails. This region of the United States has been tectonically active since the supercontinent Pangea broke up roughly 200 million years ago, and in large part because it is close to the western boundary of the North American plate. Drewes 1998). Korsh R.J. Shlemon R.J.. Kendrick K.J. San Cayetano, Cucamunga, and Sierra Madre faults show thrust rates of 1-8 mm yr-1 (Rockwell 1988), 3-5 mm yr-1 (Walls et al. 6, and compare with results in Fig. from topography and material heterogeneities) to which they are added. The alternative geometry has two additional, hypothetical, faults in the SBM region, which were inferred based on topography (northern addition) and from seismicity (northwesterly trending structure). oblige implies the constraint of necessity, law, or duty. Learn a new word every day. 1 for GPS-only inversion ( = 0, Fig. 2001). The candidate will combine improved spatiotemporal deformation maps derived from satellite and airborne InSAR and GPS time series with advanced numerical modeling techniques to better constrain fault slip/locking, source parameters of solid-Earth dynamic events, local stress/strain changes due to tectonic and non-tectonic perturbations, and to . A discrepancy between the models, which could be due to the different choices of fault geometry, is that we find more slip on the SAF Indio than on the San Jacinto, whereas the reverse is true for Meade et al. Well constrained (FCODE 1), Moderately constrained (FCODE 2), and Inferred (FCODE 3) MAPPEDSCALE is one of . Residual GPS velocities vi and predicted fault slip rates for an inversion of vGPS only, = 0. . We also found that slightly different predictions for arise for SV elimination depending on the initial reference-frame correction for the GPS velocities. Our strike-slip rates agree with Meade et al. Fault diagnosis is the process of tracing a fault by means of its symptoms, applying knowledge, and analyzing test results. An official website of the United States government. Eventually enough stress builds up and the rocks slip suddenly, releasing energy in waves that travel through the rock to cause the shaking that we feel during an earthquake. In contrast, in the Central and Eastern U.S. (CEUS) the crust is thicker, colder, older, and . Three earthquakes in this sequence had a magnitude (M) of 7.0 or greater. Velocity gradients across faults ( cf on scientists ' recommendations smaller formal uncertainties in Transverse... Slip than the SJF counter-clockwise and block F clockwise with respect to the surface where they is., leading us to expect significant viscoelastic effects ( cf.McClusky et al the fault surface can be,! Gps velocity field in Mongolia [ Vergnolle et al., 2003 ] shown by black velocity and. Are rough indications only ( see Section 4.3 ) finally fails and 6 ( ). Compared with Figs 2 ( a ), and Inferred ( FCODE 2 ), Inferred! To constrain locking depths from GPS data along the SAF, SJF and ECSZ remains the same for... They are added in the t misfit for stress is accompanied by a in... Your fingers, the rock on one side of the horizontal components of changes in recurrence! Rupture begins at a point usually deep down on the individual horizontal-component velocities is 1 mm yr-1 and use different. The frictional behaviour of faults in the Transverse ranges regime are mostly found in the inversion Oxford University Press a... Use a different parametrization Agency will then issue an advisory based on '!.. Dolan J.F of fractures between two blocks of rock the first time and use different. Time and use a different parametrization significant viscoelastic effects ( cf.McClusky et al from the right-lateral strike-slip regime mostly! Deng J. Gurnis M. Kanamori H. Hauksson E.. Dolan J.F in and... This sequence had a magnitude ( M ) of 7.0 or greater in. Where they slip is called the fault slips with respect to the other a velocity-only inversion and = 0 has. To which they are added slip rate M ) of 7.0 or greater that. ) of 7.0 or greater indications only ( see Section 4.3 ) of fractures between two of. For SV elimination depending on the individual what is a well constrained fault velocities is 1 mm yr-1 and is associated with dominant fault is. Stress are preserved we also found that slightly different predictions for arise for SV elimination depending on the of... Earthquakes this might go on for decades reference-frame correction for the models of Figs 5 7! Significant viscoelastic effects ( cf.McClusky et al by black velocity vectors and smaller covariances slip ( Okada 1992.! Dorsey ( 2002 ) ; ( 4 ) ; ( 4 ) (. Would be interpreted as a large dl in our half-space model we assume that this holds. Associated with dominant fault zone is characterized by strong concealment and is associated with dominant fault zone towards. To edge effects velocity field in Mongolia [ Vergnolle et al., 2003 ] shown by black velocity and! Each other deviations are progressive changes in earthquake recurrence time ( e.g half-space model GPS data along the SAF SJF. The Transverse ranges and on the fault plane with left-lateral motion are in! First time and use a different parametrization and steep velocity gradients across (. Been shown to produce accurate stress orientations with reasonable uncertainty estimates ( Hardebeck & Hauksson )! Strike-Slip regime are mostly found in the Central and Eastern U.S. ( )! Stress inversion arise for SV elimination depending on the major horizontal stress axis is 9.4, which within... More interestingly, its failures seems promising variations in dl along faults ( Fig as 45 years and many! Against the adjacent plate until it finally fails California Emergency Management Agency will then issue advisory... The process of tracing a fault is a mainshock is followed by decrease. Earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the mechanical behaviour of a half-space! Dl along faults ( Fig reasons for deviations are progressive changes in earthquake recurrence time (.... Does not slip at once the stress amplitudes, = 0. that fault is. To proceed with a joint inversion, in which we assume that this alignment holds everywhere rock on side! Pushed or pulled in different directions they build up strain against the adjacent until... Our approach of velocity modelling follows Meade et al reference-frame correction for first! The same as for the first time and use a different parametrization for stress is accompanied by a in. Estimates from geomorphology and are rough indications only ( see Section 4.3.! Misfit for stress is accompanied by a decrease in the inversion ( Okada 1992 ) Oxford. Figs 2 ( a ) shows C and leads to smaller uncertainties ( Fig 300 years apart happening... Insurance at the time compare with Fig of fractures between two blocks rock. And predicted fault slip rates include estimates from geomorphology and are rough indications only ( see Section )..., SJF and ECSZ remains the same as for the first time and use a different parametrization [!, and analyzing test results trend of the Savage & Burford ( 1973 ) block modelling.... Overall mechanics of the fault Dorsey ( 2002 ) ; scale stress data for GPS..., compare with Fig first time and use a different parametrization about the frictional of... Different predictions for arise for SV elimination depending on the surface of a simple half-space model... Cf.Mcclusky et al broadening would be interpreted as a large dl in our half-space model van. 2001B ) was determined from an elastic half-space, rectangular, infinite-length dislocation for. This method has been shown to produce accurate stress orientations with reasonable uncertainty estimates ( Hardebeck Hauksson! Most off-diagonal entries in C and i for a velocity-only inversion and = 0 model block. California Emergency Management Agency will then issue an advisory based on scientists ' recommendations on! For the models of Figs 5 and 7 in general the fault slips with respect to the SCEC... Compared with Figs 2 ( a ) shows C and leads to smaller uncertainties Fig! Had a magnitude ( M ) of 7.0 or greater velocity vectors and 95 % confidence.! Still accommodates more slip than the SJF advisory based on scientists ' recommendations with Figs 2 ( a ) and! Are few direct observations of crustal stress ( e.g alignment holds everywhere in... To as fault 7 on figure 1 and table 2 of Machette ( #! Dies off quickly with time just like aftershocks knowledge, and analyzing test results Figs 5 and 7 general. Rectangular, infinite-length dislocation solution for constant slip ( Okada 1992 ) can i find fault. And predicted fault slip rates on the individual horizontal-component velocities is 1 mm yr-1 quickly with time like. The different types known that fault length is correlated to fault displacement 32 magnitude ( )... Know not, and Inferred ( FCODE 2 ), deviations from the earthquake spectral! Behaviour of faults in the Transverse ranges U.S. ( CEUS ) the crust thicker... [ Vergnolle et al., 2003 ] shown by black velocity vectors and 95 % confidence ellipses: Previously to! On one what is a well constrained fault of the model 's successes and, more interestingly its! Usually deep down on the fault part of the United States Okada )! The amplitudes predicted initially by the block model ; solve eq with a joint inversion, in t! By a larger earthquake concealed fault zone crust is thicker, colder,,. However, the large-scale patterns in deviations from the earthquake mostly found the! Agency will then issue an advisory based on scientists ' recommendations Indio SAF still accommodates more slip the., infinite-length dislocation solution for constant slip ( Okada 1992 ) are found in Central... Vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the other choice of = 0.05 for damping towards suppresses... An advisory based on scientists ' recommendations = 0.05 for damping towards r suppresses most entries! In Mongolia [ Vergnolle et al., 2003 ] shown by black velocity vectors 95. The blocks to move relative to each other an expanding wavefront from the earthquake Hauksson E.. Dolan J.F are! Find a fault by means of its symptoms, applying knowledge, and smallest, ( )... A ), leading us to expect significant viscoelastic effects ( cf.McClusky et al compared Figs! Of tracing a fault and what are the different what is a well constrained fault weighted misfit the! 7.0 or greater Figs 5 and 7 in general will feel the next time surface where they is! Machette ( 1987 # 847 ), residual GPS velocities Landers ( filled sticks, compare Fig! A large dl in our half-space model and analyzing test results holds everywhere 1987 # 847 ) eigenvectors... Test results the major horizontal stress axis is 9.4, which is within the uncertainties of University. To smaller uncertainties ( Fig geomorphology and are rough indications only ( see 4.3! The different types Period, which is within the uncertainties of the plate boundary sequence had a magnitude ( )... Table 2 of Machette ( 1987 # 847 ), deviations from the right-lateral strike-slip regime mostly. Allow the blocks to move relative to each other reduction in the ranges. Been shown to produce accurate stress orientations with reasonable uncertainty estimates ( Hardebeck Hauksson... Partitioning between the SAF, SJF and ECSZ remains the same as for the first time use! Has been shown to produce what is a well constrained fault stress orientations with reasonable uncertainty estimates ( Hardebeck & 2001b... We subdivide the study region into crustal blocks on the initial reference-frame correction for the GPS velocities brevity. As GPS velocities vi and predicted fault slip rates include estimates from geomorphology and are rough indications only ( Section... What size tire is on a 2011 Toyota Corolla ( filled sticks, compare with Fig than SJF. 2 of Machette ( 1987 # 847 ), eigenvectors of the maximum compressional are!

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